
Key Dates/Data Releases
1/3: Markit Manufacturing Index
1/4: JOLTS
1/5: Markit Services Index
1/6: International trade in goods and services
1/7: Employment situation
1/12: Treasury budget, Consumer Price Index
1/13: Producer Price Index
1/14: Import and export prices, retail sales, industrial
production
1/19: Housing starts
1/20: Existing home sales
1/26: FOMC statement, international trade in goods, new home
sales
1/27: Durable goods orders, GDP
1/28: Personal income and outlays
| Annual Market Review 2021
| Overview
The year 2021 was one of extreme change. January saw the
inauguration of President Joe Biden, but not before protesters sieged the
United States Capitol. Despite the initial tumult, the year began with hope
that increased availability of coronavirus vaccinations would lead to the end
of the pandemic. Unfortunately, throughout the year, the emergence of virus
mutations, coupled with the uneven distribution of vaccines, saw millions more
people become ill or perish after contracting the virus.
Nevertheless, several of the worlds' largest economies
enjoyed notable recoveries. In the United States, two additional rounds of
stimulus payments in the first quarter helped line consumers' pocketbooks,
which led to rapidly increasing demand for goods and services. Historically low
lending rates and a rise in remote work increased the opportunity for consumers
to spend.
However, the rapid economic turnaround brought with it a
historic surge in consumer and producer prices, labor shortages, and global
supply-chain bottlenecks. Low interest rates and stimulus measures adopted by
the Federal Reserve gave people more access to money and buying power. Personal
income increased as did personal consumption expenditures. Corporate earnings
were strong, despite labor and supply shortages and lingering economic
uncertainty caused by the pandemic.
U.S. inflation reached a nearly 40-year high late in the
year, as growing consumer demand was stunted by pandemic-related supply
constraints. Historically low mortgage rates helped propel the housing market,
as both the number of residential sales and property values escalated. Energy
prices, particularly gas prices, rose by nearly 50%, as crude oil reached more
than $80 per barrel for the first time since 2014.
An influx of day-trading investors collided with hedge-fund
investors and Wall Street professionals. So-called "meme traders" manipulated
stock prices from their sofas through collaborative investing on social media
platforms.
Cryptocurrency also gained more mainstream acceptance and
attention in 2021, with a market cap of all cryptocurrencies topping $3
trillion. The rapid growth of cryptocurrency also led to more government
scrutiny. China's central bank declared all cryptocurrency-related transactions
illegal as that country was determined to crack down on the industry.
U.S. economic recovery was highlighted by job growth and
dwindling unemployment claims. Employment gains averaged over 550,000 per month
in 2021, while weekly jobless claims fell to a 52-year low in December.
Despite increasing numbers of COVID-related cases, the stock
market generally prospered, with each of the benchmark indexes posting
year-over-year gains. Each of the market sectors also ended 2021 in the black.
Overall, we experienced plenty of change in 2021. The year
2022 is likely to be very interesting as well.
|
| DJIA | 30,606.48 | 33,843.92
| 36,338.30
| 5.38%
| 7.37%
| 18.73%
|
---|
Nasdaq | 12,888.28 | 14,448.58
| 15,644.97
| 0.69%
| 8.28%
| 21.39%
|
---|
S&P
500 | 3,756.07 | 4,307.54
| 4,766.18
| 4.36%
| 10.65%
| 26.89%
|
---|
Russell
2000 | 1,974.86 | 2,204.37
| 2,245.31
| 2.11%
| 1.86%
| 13.69%
|
---|
Global
Dow | 3,487.52 | 3,958.34
| 4,137.63
| 5.74%
| 4.53%
| 18.64%
|
---|
Fed. Funds | 0.00%-0.25% | 0.00%-0.25% | 0.00%-0.25% | 0 bps | 0
bps | 0 bps |
---|
10-year
Treasuries | 0.91% | 1.52% | 1.51% | 7 bps | -1
bps | 60 bps |
---|
US
Dollar-DXY | 89.84 | 94.25
| 95.64
| -0.27%
| 1.47%
| 6.46%
|
---|
Crude
Oil-CL=F | $48.52 | $75.03 | $75.44
| 12.65%
| 0.55%
| 55.48%
|
---|
Gold-GC=F | $1,893.10 | $1,758.20 | $1,830.30 | 3.34%
| 4.10%
| -3.32%
|
---|
Chart reflects price changes, not total return. Because it
does not include dividends or splits, it should not be used to benchmark
performance of specific investments.
Snapshot 2021
The Markets
- Equities: Throughout the year, the U.S. stock
market pushed higher. Despite mounting COVID cases, escalating inflation, labor
shortages, supply bottlenecks, and severe weather that hit nearly every part of
the country at one time or another, Wall Street continued to post gains. Large
caps, small caps, growth, value — seemingly every market segment increased,
surpassing most of the outlooks at the start of the year. While many factors
contributed to the strong market performance in 2021, a few highlights include
consistently favorable data pointing to ongoing economic recovery, strong
corporate earnings throughout 2021, the acceptance of cryptocurrency as a
mainstream investment, a low interest-rate environment, stimulus programs that
provided consumers with cash, increasing job opportunities, and the
availability of coronavirus vaccines.
- On the last day of the year, the S&P 500 eclipsed
its 2020 closing by nearly 27.0%, the Nasdaq rose by more than 21.3%, the Dow
gained about 19.0%, the Global Dow advanced 18.6%, and the Russell 2000 climbed
13.7%. The fourth quarter was particularly robust for large caps, with the
S&P 500 climbing 10.7% and the Dow advancing 7.4%. Each of the market
sectors closed the year well above its prior year's totals. Energy ended 2021
48.0% higher, followed by real estate (43.0%), information technology (33.5%),
and financials (33.0%).
- Bonds: For the most part, long-term bonds
underperformed, particularly on inflation concerns, low interest rates,
economic growth, and favorable stock performance. Ten-year Treasuries ended the
year at 1.51%, up 60 basis points, the biggest annual rise since 2013. U.S.
bond returns were down about 3.0%, well below other major bond markets. With
the Federal Reserve likely to accelerate interest rates in 2022, 10-year
Treasury yields are expected to push above 2.0% next year.
- Oil:Crude oil prices fell in 2020 as demand
dwindled due to coronavirus constraints. However, crude oil prices surged in
2021 as economic growth quickly increased demand and the time needed to
accelerate output to pre-pandemic levels. Crude oil prices opened the year
around $48.50 per barrel but rose steadily for most of the year, reaching more
than $80.00 per barrel in October — a price not seen since 2014 — ultimately
ending 2021 at about $75.44 per barrel.
- Prices at the pump also vaulted higher in 2021. The
national average retail price for regular gasoline was $2.249 per gallon to
begin 2021. Gas prices steadily increased throughout the year, reaching a high
of $3.410 in early November. Gas prices trended marginally lower for the
remainder of 2021, closing out the year at $3.275 per gallon on December 27.
- FOMC/interest rates:The Federal Reserve began the
year focused on promoting economic recovery. The Fed maintained the target
range for the federal funds rate at 0.00%-0.25% for the duration of 2021, while
continuing to purchase securities on a monthly basis ($80 billion Treasuries
and $40 billion mortgage-backed securities) through November. For much of the
year, employment gains were solid, consumer demand for goods and services
increased, and overall economic activity strengthened. However, strong consumer
demand collided with pandemic-related supply constraints, driving prices
higher, such that inflation hit a nearly 39-year high in November, with prices
up 6.8% (Consumer Price Index) from a year before. The Fed initially termed the
rapid rise in prices "transitory," expecting that the factors driving inflation
upward would subside. However, by November, the Fed acknowledged that factors
contributing to inflationary pressures were more than "transitory" and agreed
to begin tapering its asset purchases in December. The Fed also projected that
it would increase interest rates as many as three times in 2022.
- US Dollar-DXY:The dollar held its own for much of
the year, reaching a new high in November. Despite a marginal dip at the end of
the year, the dollar is still on track to enjoy its biggest gain since 2015.
With the prospects of the Federal Reserve raising interest rates, the dollar
could see another surge in 2022. The US Dollar Index (DX-Y.NYB), which measures
the U.S. dollar against the currencies of several other countries, hit a high
of $96.94 in November and hovered between $92.60 and $96.00 since early July.
It closed at $95.64 on December 31, rising nearly 6.5% since the beginning of
the year.
- Gold: Gold prices began the year at $1,893.10 and
closed 2021 at $1,830.30, a decrease of nearly 3.3%. During the year, gold fell
to $1,700.20 at the end of February, only to surge to $1,895.70 in mid-May.
Generally, stock market growth, rising bond yields, and a stronger dollar kept
gold prices in check for most of 2021.
Last Month's Economic News
- Employment: Job growth slowed in November with
the addition of 210,000 new jobs, well below the 2021 monthly average of
555,000. The unemployment rate fell by 0.4 percentage point to 4.2%. The number
of unemployed persons fell by 542,000 to 6.9 million. For comparison, in
November 2020 the unemployment rate was 6.7% and the number of unemployed
persons was 10.7 million. While both measures are down considerably from their
highs at the end of the February-April 2020 recession, they remain above their
levels prior to the coronavirus pandemic (3.5% and 5.7 million, respectively,
in February 2020). Among the unemployed, the number of workers who permanently
lost their jobs declined by 205,000 to 1.9 million in November, although this
is 623,000 higher than in February 2020. The labor force participation rate
edged up to 61.8% in November and is 1.5 percentage point lower than in
February 2020. The employment-population ratio increased by 0.4 percentage
point to 59.2% in November but remained below the pre-pandemic figure of 61.1%
in February 2020. In November, average hourly earnings increased by $0.08 to
$31.03. Over the past 12 months ended in November, average hourly earnings rose
by 4.8% (average hourly earnings in November 2020 were $29.61). The average
work week increased by 0.1 hour to 34.8 hours in November (unchanged from
November 2020).
- There were 965,000 Initial claims for unemployment
insurance for the week ended January 9, 2021. During the same period, the total
number of workers receiving unemployment insurance was 5,271,000. Over the
course of the year, initial weekly claims steadily decreased on a monthly basis
thereafter, hitting a low of 188,000 in early December. As of December 25,
there were 198,000 initial claims for unemployment insurance and the total
number of claims paid for the week ended December 18 was 1,716,000, which is
below the February 2020 (pre-pandemic) figure of 1,724,000.
- FOMC/interest rates: The Federal Open Market
Committee met in December and agreed to cut its asset purchase program by $30
billion per month beginning in January 2022, with the option of making similar
reductions in the pace of asset purchases each month thereafter, unless the
Committee determines an adjustment is warranted. The Committee decided to keep
the target range for the federal funds rate at 0.00%-0.25%. The FOMC
acknowledged that inflation is broad-based and attributed it to "supply and
demand imbalances related to the pandemic and the reopening of the economy."
- GDP/budget:While the economy accelerated in the
third quarter, it did not keep pace with the rate of growth in the second
quarter. Gross domestic product increased at an annualized rate of 2.3% in the
third quarter. GDP rose 6.7% in the second quarter. The increase in
third-quarter GDP reflected the continued economic impact of the COVID-19
pandemic. A resurgence of COVID-19 cases resulted in new restrictions and
delays in the reopening of establishments in some parts of the country.
Government assistance payments in the form of forgivable loans to businesses,
grants to state and local governments, and social benefits to households all
decreased. Consumer spending, as measured by the personal consumption
expenditures index, rose 2.3% in the third quarter, well below the pace set in
the second quarter (6.7%) and the first quarter (6.3%). Nonresidential
(business) fixed investment rose 1.7% in the third quarter compared to a 9.2%
jump in the second quarter. Exports fell 5.3% in the third quarter, compared
with a 7.6% increase in the previous quarter. Imports, which are a negative in
the calculation of GDP, rose 4.7% in the third quarter, down from a 7.1%
increase in the second quarter. Consumer prices increased 5.3% in the third
quarter (6.5% in the second quarter). Excluding food and energy, consumer
prices advanced 4.6% in the third quarter (6.1% in the second quarter).
- November saw the federal budget deficit come in at
$191.3 billion, down roughly 32.0% from November 2020. The deficit for the
first two months of fiscal year 2022, at $356.4 billion, is 20.5% lower than
the first two months of the previous fiscal year. Through November, government
outlays rose 4.0%, while receipts increased 21.6%. Through the first two months
of fiscal year 2022 compared to the same period last year, individual income
taxes are up $79.6 billion ($282.1 billion versus $202.5 billion), while
corporate income taxes have risen $9.4 billion ($15.4 billion versus $6.0
billion).
- Inflation/consumer spending: According to the
latest Personal Income and Outlays report, personal income and disposable
personal income rose 0.4% in November after increasing 0.5% and 0.4%,
respectively, in October. Consumer spending advanced 0.4% in November after
increasing 1.4% the previous month. Consumer prices climbed 0.6% in November
after increasing 0.7% in October. Consumer prices have risen 5.7% since
November 2020.
The Consumer Price Index climbed 0.8% in November
after advancing 0.9% in October. Over the 12 months ended in November, the CPI
rose 6.8% — the largest 12-month gain since June 1982. Price growth was broad
based, with all major categories showing an increase, led by gasoline (6.1%),
energy commodities (5.9%), fuel oil (3.5%), and used cars and trucks (2.5%).
Prices for food rose 0.7%, while prices for food at home increased 0.8%. Since
November 2020, gasoline prices are up 58.1%, fuel oil has increased 59.3%, food
prices have risen 6.1% (food at home has climbed 6.4%), while new vehicles
(11.1%) and used vehicles (31.4%) also advanced.
Prices that producers receive for goods and services
rose 0.8% in November following a 0.6% October jump. Producer prices increased
9.6% for the 12 months ended in November, the largest advance since data was
first calculated in November 2010. Producer prices less foods, energy, and
trade services rose 0.7% in November, which is the largest monthly increase
since July 2021. In November, prices for services increased 0.7%, while prices
for goods climbed 1.2%. For the 12 months ended in November, prices less foods,
energy, and trade services moved up 6.9%, the largest rise since 12-month data
was first calculated in August 2014.
- Housing: Sales of existing homes increased 1.9%
in November, marking the third consecutive monthly increase. Existing home
sales dropped 2.0% from November 2020. The median existing-home price was
$353,900 in November, the same price as in October. Unsold inventory of
existing homes represents a 2.1-month supply at the current sales pace, a
decline from both the prior month and from one year ago. Sales of existing
single-family homes rose 1.6% in November following a 1.3% jump in October.
Over the last 12 months, sales of existing single-family homes are down 2.2%.
The median existing single-family home price was $362,600 in November, up from
$360,800 in October.
- New single-family home sales also advanced in November,
climbing 12.4% after falling 9.2% (revised) in October. The median sales price
of new single-family houses sold in November was $416,900 ($408,700 in
October). The November average sales price was $481,700 ($478,200 in October).
The inventory of new single-family homes for sale in November represented a
supply of 6.5 months at the current sales pace, down from the October estimate
of 7.1 months.
- Manufacturing: Industrial production rose 0.5% in
November, advancing 5.3% since November 2020. Manufacturing increased 0.7% in
November, reaching its highest level since January 2019. Over the past 12
months, manufacturing has increased 4.6%. Mining rose 0.7% in November, while
utilities decreased 0.8%. Several market groups advanced in November. Over the
12 months ended in November, motor vehicles and parts fell 5.4%, while most of
the other industry groups advanced, with notable gains in machinery, petroleum
and coal products, electric, and natural gas. Capacity utilization reached
76.8% in November, its highest level since 76.8% in November 2019.
- November saw new orders for durable goods increase 2.5%,
advancing for six out of the last seven months. Durable goods orders inched up
0.1% in October. New orders for durable goods rose 21.5% since November 2020.
Excluding transportation, new orders increased 0.8% in November. Excluding
defense, new orders increased 2.0%. Transportation equipment, up following two
consecutive monthly decreases, led the November increase, up 6.5%.
- Imports and exports: Both import and export
prices rose higher in November. Import prices rose 0.7% after increasing 1.5%
in the prior month. Prices for imports have risen each month of 2021, except
for a 0.2% decline in August. Since November 2020, import prices have advanced
11.7%, the largest 12-month increase since prices climbed 12.7% for the period
ended in September 2011. Import fuel prices continued to increase, rising 2.0%
in November. Import fuel prices have advanced 86.1% since November 2020.
Excluding fuel prices, import prices rose 0.5% in November and are up 1.6% for
the last 12 months. Export prices increased 1.0% in November after rising 1.6%
in October. Export prices increased 18.2% over the 12 months ended in November,
the largest 12-month advance since data was first published in September 1984.
- The international trade in goods deficit was $97.8
billion in November, up $14.6 billion, or 17.5%, from October. Exports of goods
were $154.7 billion in November, $3.3 billion less than in October. Imports of
goods were $252.4 billion in November, $11.3 billion more than in October. The
November drop in exports was widespread, with only foods, feeds, and beverages
increasing. On the other hand, each category of imports rose, led by industrial
supplies, consumer goods, and automotive vehicles.
- The latest information on international trade in goods
and services, out December 7, is for October and shows that the goods and
services trade deficit was $161.1 billion, a decrease of $14.3 billion, or
17.6%, from the September deficit. October exports were $223.6 billion, 8.1%,
more than September exports. October imports were $290.7 billion, 0.9%, more
than September imports. Year to date, the goods and services deficit increased
$161.1 billion, or 29.7%, from the same period in 2020. Exports increased
$315.1 billion, or 17.9%. Imports increased $476.8 billion, or 20.7%.
- International markets: Despite several countries
reporting record numbers of COVID-19 cases, global economic recovery has been
fairly steady, as several nations around the world held off from imposing fresh
lockdowns. Gross domestic product rose in several countries including the
United Kingdom (6.9%), the Eurozone (5.2%), Germany (2.9%), Japan (1.6%), and
China (7.7%). Crude oil prices dipped below $80.00 per barrel following their
biggest rise since 2009. And stock markets were poised to close the year well
above where they started in 2021. For 2021, the STOXX Europe 600 Index rose
22.3%; the United Kingdom's FTSE advanced 14.3%; Japan's Nikkei 225 Index
climbed 4.9%; and China's Shanghai Composite Index gained 4.8%.
- Consumer confidence: The Conference Board
Consumer Confidence Index® increased in December. The index stands at 115.8, up
from 111.9 in November (revised). The Present Situation Index, based on
consumers' assessment of current business and labor market conditions, was
relatively flat at 144.1 in December, down from 144.4 the previous month. The
Expectations Index — based on consumers' short-term outlook for income,
business, and labor market conditions — increased to 96.9 in December, up from
November's reading of 90.2.
Eye on the Year Ahead
The year 2022 should bring continued economic recovery. As
the United States and the world inch slowly toward normalcy following the
battle against the COVID-19 pandemic, stock markets, employment, and production
should also advance. Inflationary pressures are likely to continue, which will
most certainly prompt adjustments to the target range for the federal funds
rate. Will President Joe Biden and lawmakers be able to reach an accord on a
spending bill? Will the coronavirus continue to mutate and spread? The year
2022 is likely to provide another roller-coaster ride.
Data sources: Economic: Based on data from U.S. Bureau
of Labor Statistics (unemployment, inflation); U.S. Department of Commerce
(GDP, corporate profits, retail sales, housing); S&P/Case-Shiller 20-City
Composite Index (home prices); Institute for Supply Management
(manufacturing/services). Performance: Based on data reported in WSJ Market
Data Center (indexes); U.S. Treasury (Treasury yields); U.S. Energy Information
Administration/Bloomberg.com Market Data (oil spot price, WTI, Cushing, OK);
www.goldprice.org (spot gold/silver); Oanda/FX Street (currency exchange
rates). News items are based on reports from multiple commonly available
international news sources (i.e., wire services) and are independently verified
when necessary with secondary sources such as government agencies, corporate
press releases, or trade organizations. All information is based on sources
deemed reliable, but no warranty or guarantee is made as to its accuracy or
completeness. Neither the information nor any opinion expressed herein
constitutes a solicitation for the purchase or sale of any securities, and
should not be relied on as financial advice. Forecasts are based on current
conditions, subject to change, and may not come to pass. U.S. Treasury
securities are guaranteed by the federal government as to the timely payment of
principal and interest. The principal value of Treasury securities and other
bonds fluctuates with market conditions. Bonds are subject to inflation,
interest-rate, and credit risks. As interest rates rise, bond prices typically
fall. A bond sold or redeemed prior to maturity may be subject to loss. Past
performance is no guarantee of future results. All investing involves risk,
including the potential loss of principal, and there can be no guarantee that
any investing strategy will be successful. The Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) is a
price-weighted index composed of 30 widely traded blue-chip U.S. common stocks.
The S&P 500 is a market-cap weighted index composed of the common stocks of
500 largest, publicly traded companies in leading industries of the U.S.
economy. The NASDAQ Composite Index is a market-value weighted index of all
common stocks listed on the NASDAQ stock exchange. The Russell 2000 is a
market-cap weighted index composed of 2,000 U.S. small-cap common stocks. The
Global Dow is an equally weighted index of 150 widely traded blue-chip common
stocks worldwide. The U.S. Dollar Index is a geometrically weighted index of
the value of the U.S. dollar relative to six foreign currencies. Market indexes
listed are unmanaged and are not available for direct investment. |
|